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Fuel Gas

Fuel Gas

Fiscal Metering

Custody transfer of ownership of Fuel Gas demand for a small level of uncertainty to prevent  a significant loss of revenue. Local national or international Wheigh & Measure standard drives the selection of primary flow element (including Ultrasonic, Turbine, Orifice, Positive Displacement), the number of runs, the lay out, the instrumentation & control and the proving system. The optimal design results into the best solution to allow better quality, safety, accuracy and performance while minimizing the fabrication, trasportation, installation and ownership cost.

Electrical Pre-heating

When natural gas is subject to pressure reduction, the temperature is subject to a reduction as well. It is a normal practice to have provision for heating natural gas, preferebly befeore the pressure reduction stage, so that its temperature is maintained at an acceptable level to avoid operational and material integrity problems that can be caused by low gas temperature. Design can have several options both on bundle and on control side, such as:

– number of bundles series/parallel
– isolation and redundancy among bundles
– safety control for electrical spark, temperature control, pressure and flow switch
– type of tempertaure control (spet, continuos or combined)

ESD Inlet valve

It is the inlet section and it provides the closure of the flow in case of an emergency. It can be remote/manually operated with different possibility for the re-opening and re-pressurizzation of the downstream lines. Usually composed of a small skid mounted unit with one actuated ball valves next to a manual gear operated one.

Filtering

Filtration is one of the most crucial aspect of natural gas system. It can be composed of several stage.
The first stage can the Knock Out (KO) Drums. It is used when considerable quantities of fluid, like water or hydrocarbon condensates is expected with the natural gas. , a knock-out drum with a demister can be installed. Placed after the ESD skid it is used as a single filter to remove the most heavy particles inside the gas.
The second stage is the main filtration point and it can be customized according to the design conditions and installation constrains. Main options are:

– Single stage/ double stage
– Vertical/ horizontal
– Manual/ automatic drain into condensate tank

The third and last stage is the final filtration. It is the last barrier before the burner or GT. The configuration is usually a single stage filter of coalescing cartridges with efficiency of 99,9% for particles up to 3 micron or better.

Pressure Reducing

Gas pressure reduction installations help to control and regulate the flows of gas to ensure the effective and efficient operation and for downstream protection by means of control valve system.
Number and type of installed safety devives depend to customer request and local regulations.
Can be combined flow & pressure reduction and control.
Can be of one or two reduction stages.

Fuel Oil

Loading

This application can be customized by many design factors:

– Loading of trucks or rail car
– Bottom or top or mix loading
– Number of arms and type of quick coupling
– Type of metering technology (PD, coriolis, turbine) or scale bridge
– Safety devices (overfill, grounding, limit switch, …)
– HMI & operator identification

Unloading

This application can be customized by many design factors:
– Type of air elimination device; a) air eliminator buffer tank b) bulk air eliminator in front of the meter
– Type of pump for hose stripping at end of unloading
– Safety devices for pump dry run prevention system
– Connection trough flexible hose or rigid arm
– Above or below ground for NPSH limitation
– HMI & operator identification

Fiscal Metering

Custody transfer of ownership of Fuel Gas demand for a small level of uncertainty to prevent  a significant loss of revenue. Local national or international Wheigh & Measure standard drives the selection of primary flow element (including Ultrasonic, Turbine, Orifice, Positive Displacement), the number of runs, the lay out, the instrumentation & control and the proving system. The optimal design results into the best solution to allow better quality, safety, accuracy and performance while minimizing the fabrication, trasportation, installation and ownership cost.

Tranfer & Forwarding

There are a wide range of trasfering and forwarding services inside a power plant or a tank farm.

– From fuel inboud (rail car‚ ship‚ tank truck) into storage
– From treated to untreated tank
– From storage to day tank
– From storage or day tank to fuel injection pump
– From tank to loading rack.

The distance that the fuel has to travel, the service level, the product temperature and viscosity, the NPSHa and other working or enviromental factors drive the selection of the pump. Commonly used pumps in this application include three screw‚ two screw and centrifugal.

Boiler metering

When the fuel oil belong to fuel supplier till it is in the power plant storage tank, the boiler meter is not only a process meter but it is the custudy tranfer point. Its reading became the main input for the power plant thermal efficency calculation, so its accuracy must be of premium level and it must be of redundant type. Pay & Check design is typically required to check the accuracy drift on a real time basis. In this application, the normal periodical calibration basedf on Wheight & measure standard its not enough. The selction of the right meter depends on the working condition but often the positive displacement technology is the best choice.

Electrical Pre-heating

When natural gas is subject to pressure reduction, the temperature is subject to a reduction as well. It is a normal practice to have provision for heating natural gas, preferably before the pressure reduction stage, so that its temperature is maintained at an acceptable level to avoid operational and material integrity problems that can be caused by low gas temperature. Design can have several options both on bundle and on control side, such as:

– Number of bundles series/parallel
– Isolation and redundancy among bundles
– Safety control for electrical spark, temperature control, pressure and flow switch
– Type of temperataure control (spet, continuos or combined)

Proving &
calibration systems

Each flowmeter need to periodically re calibrated. Frequency or recalibration and method are either imposed by local Wheight & Measure standard or by end user specification. Proving methods are:

– Pipe prover
– Piston prover
– Fixed volume prover or
– Master meters
– Selection of the above method is driver by:
– W&M standard
– Type of flowmeter
– Working condition (pressure, temperature and viscosity)
– Application (batch loading or continuos transfer)
– Permanent or mobile required service

Chemical Injection Packages

Effluent treatment &
waste water treatment
injection package

Anionic & cationic polymer injection for phosphate removal, coagulation & filtration. NaOH metering for metal removal. pH control & cyanide removal. Ferric Chloride & alum injection for coagulation. CuSO4 injection for algae control. Metering of lime slurries for pH control (corrosion control) and coagulation. NaOCl injection for caustic and cyanide removal, and disinfection. Sodium Bisulfite for lime control by hexavalent chromium. Metering activated carbon or diatomaceous earth slurries for odour and colour.

Cooling Tower Water
Treatment injection
package

Dosing Scale Inhibitor for controlling conductivity to prevent scaling. Controlling pH by metering acids and caustics to maintain a pH range that prevents corrosion. Controlling ORP by metering bromine or chlorine to prevent biological growth and fouling. Metering inhibitors such as polyphosphates to inhibit corrosion. Timed dispensing of biocides such as gluteraldehyde or isothiazilone to prevent biological growth and fouling. Even some of the ordinary treating chemicals, such as chlorine, are themselves corrosive, frequently attacking the wooden surfaces of the cooling tower, causing delignification of the wooden structure.  Addition of MgSO4 can prevent the deterioration of wood structures of cooling towers and prolong.

Boiler Feed Water
Treatment injection
package

Heating of water will form CO2 and oxygen, which forms carbonic acid when it condensates. This can cause the boiler to corrode.  Neutralization is carried out injection Alkalis. To prevent Corrosion and pitting of boiler tubes hydrazine or oxygen scavenger chemicals injection(LP Dosing) is being used. High pressure dosing Tri sodium phosphate injection into boiler is added to reduce Scale formation into boiler. Tri sodium phosphate act as Scale Inhibitor. To prevent corrosion of boiler internals, amine injection is used to coat the inside of the boiler. Sodium Bisulphate is used as Oxygen scavenger.

FGD
(Flue Gas Desulfurization)
injection package

Coal and gas power plants emit Sulfur Dioxides(SO2), Nitrogen Dioxides (NO2), Carbon Monoxides (CO), Particulate Matter. Wet Scrubbing method is used to desulfurize flue gases. Scrubbing agent includes injection of calcium carbonate and caustic soda (sodium hydroxide). Ammonia can be added to the flue gas in the stack to reduce the particulate matter discharged in the process of burning coal.